禽伤寒由肠道沙门氏菌鸡肠菌血清型伤寒变种所致，其在雏禽中造成的死亡率与肠道沙门氏菌鸡肠菌血清型白痢变种相当，但在成禽中鸡伤寒沙门氏菌造成的死亡率可能更高。幼龄禽常见厌食、衰弱、精神沉郁，泄殖腔周围有白色粪污黏附。受感染的禽类还会出现呼吸道疾病、失明或关节肿胀的症状。成年禽可见皮肤苍白、脱水及腹泻。成年禽体内的病变可见肝脏肿大、质脆，常伴胆汁染色，有时伴随坏死灶；脾、肾肿大；并可伴发贫血和肠炎。诊断主要依据病原体的分离与鉴定。禽伤寒防控的重点在于消除病原体，因而不推荐治疗。
在家禽沙门氏菌病中，禽伤寒是对全球养禽业经济危害最严重的疾病之一。美国国家家禽改良计划的职责是在美国家禽中消灭禽伤寒。
禽伤寒的病因学
禽伤寒的病原体为肠道沙门氏菌鸡肠菌血清型伤寒变种（鸡伤寒沙门氏菌）。鸡伤寒沙门氏菌为革兰氏阴性、无运动性、宿主适应型禽类病原，归属沙门氏菌 D 群。
禽伤寒的流行病学
禽伤寒在美国、加拿大及部分欧洲国家发病率较低，而在其他国家则明显偏高。
鸡伤寒沙门氏菌虽可经卵传播，并在雏鸡和雏火鸡中造成与肠道沙门氏菌鸡肠菌血清型白痢变种相似的病变，但鸡伤寒沙门氏菌在生长期及成年禽群中的传播倾向更强。雏禽造成的死亡率与鸡白痢沙门氏菌感染相当，但成禽的死亡率可能更高。
禽伤寒的临床表现与病变
禽伤寒可呈急性或慢性病程。雏禽临床症状及病变与鸡白痢沙门氏菌感染相似（参见、及病变图片）。成年禽可见皮肤苍白、脱水及腹泻。
成禽病变可见如下：
肝脏肿大、质脆，常伴胆汁染色，有时伴随坏死灶
脾、肾肿大
贫血
肠炎
Enlarged liver with multiple white, coalescing necrotic lesions throughout, in an adult chicken infected with Salmonellaenterica serotype Gallinarum biovar Gallinarum.
Enlarged liver with multiple white, coalescing necrotic lesions throughout, in an adult chicken infected with Salmonell
Courtesy of Dr. Guillermo Zavala.
Multiple flaccid or regressing ova with prominent thecal blood vessels in the ovary in an adult chicken infected with Salmonellaenterica serotype Gallinarum biovar Gallinarum.
Multiple flaccid or regressing ova with prominent thecal blood vessels in the ovary in an adult chicken infected with S
Courtesy of Dr. Guillermo Zavala.
Multiple petechial hemorrhages in the myocardium and the epicardial fat in an adult chicken infected with Salmonellaenterica serotype Gallinarum biovar Gallinarum.
Multiple petechial hemorrhages in the myocardium and the epicardial fat in an adult chicken infected with Salmonellaent
Courtesy of Dr. Guillermo Zavala.
Enlarged liver with multiple white, coalescing necrotic lesions throughout, in an adult chicken infected with Salmonellaenterica serotype Gallinarum biovar Gallinarum.
Enlarged liver with multiple white, coalescing necrotic lesions throughout, in an adult chicken infected with Salmonell
Courtesy of Dr. Guillermo Zavala.
Multiple flaccid or regressing ova with prominent thecal blood vessels in the ovary in an adult chicken infected with Salmonellaenterica serotype Gallinarum biovar Gallinarum.
Multiple flaccid or regressing ova with prominent thecal blood vessels in the ovary in an adult chicken infected with S
Courtesy of Dr. Guillermo Zavala.
Multiple petechial hemorrhages in the myocardium and the epicardial fat in an adult chicken infected with Salmonellaenterica serotype Gallinarum biovar Gallinarum.
Multiple petechial hemorrhages in the myocardium and the epicardial fat in an adult chicken infected with Salmonellaent
Courtesy of Dr. Guillermo Zavala.
禽伤寒诊断
病原体的分离与鉴定
感染禽伤寒的临床症状及病变与鸡白痢相似，而鸡白痢由鸡白痢沙门氏菌所致。因此，诊断须经鸡伤寒沙门氏菌的分离、鉴定及血清分型确证（美国国家家禽改良计划检测程序）。
禽伤寒治疗与防控
治疗：不推荐
控制：疾病的消除
鸡伤寒的治疗与防控措施参照鸡白痢，具体参见美国国家家禽改良计划。
美国目前尚无联邦批准的疫苗。在其他国家，使用粗糙型鸡伤寒沙门氏菌（9R 株）制备的灭活疫苗或减毒活疫苗，在控制死亡率方面效果参差不齐。基于鸡伤寒沙门氏菌外膜蛋白、突变株及去除毒力质粒衍生物所开发的疫苗，在抵御禽类感染挑战方面表现出一定的保护潜力。
用于检测鸡白痢的标准血清学检测方法同样也能检测禽伤寒。
关键点
雏鸡和雏火鸡感染鸡伤寒沙门氏菌的临床症状及病变与鸡白痢沙门氏菌感染相似，包括盲肠栓以及肝、脾、肺、心脏、砂囊和肠道的结节性病变。
成年禽可见肝脏肿大、质脆、胆汁染色并伴坏死病灶，此外还可出现肠炎，以及脾脏和肾脏的肿大。
鸡伤寒沙门氏菌的确诊需通过病原体的分离与鉴定。美国国家家禽改良计划概述了该病的消除措施。
了解更多信息
Gast RK, Porter RE.Salmonella infections.In:Swayne DE, ed. Boulianne M, Logue CM, McDougald LR, Nair V, Suarez DL, associate eds.Diseases of Poultry, 14th ed. Wiley-Blackwell; 2020:719-753.
USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS).National Poultry Improvement Plan (NPIP).
Fulton RM.Bacterial diseases.In:Boulianne M, ed. Avian Disease Manual.8th ed. American Association of Avian Pathologists; 2019:101-108.
